Plutonium went missing in San Antonio, but the government says nothing

A model of a russian h-bomb, the most powerful in the world, displayed at the nuclear weapons museum in chelyabinsk, the bomb was tested 1961, 1991.

This is the largest USSR bomb tested, the 50 megaton Tsar Bomba , if detonated between San Marcos and New Braunfels, would spread thermal radiation throughout Central Texas from San

This is the largest USSR bomb tested, the 50 megaton Tsar Bomba , if detonated between San Marcos and New Braunfels, would spread thermal radiation throughout Central Texas from San Antonio to Austin.

This is the Castle Bravo , the largest U.S. bomb tested at 15 megatons. While the red and grey air blast would destroy buildings, its thermal radiation radius (orange) would swarm the entire Hill

This is the Castle Bravo , the largest U.S. bomb tested at 15 megatons. While the red and grey air blast would destroy buildings, its thermal radiation radius (orange) would swarm the entire Hill Country.

FILE - The first hydrogen bomb is tested in 1952 on an atoll in the Pacific.

The first H-Bomb, which was known as " Ivy Mike " and carried a 10.4 megaton payload, would have a massive impact on the San Antonio area extending outside of 1604. Check out how big the

The first H-Bomb, which was known as " Ivy Mike " and carried a 10.4 megaton payload, would have a massive impact on the San Antonio area extending outside of 1604. Check out how big the red high-pressure air blast is.

This is the B-83 , the 1.2 megaton bomb that is the biggest in the U.S. arsenal. The grey area, the air blast radius, would knock down most residential buildings and would likely destroy

This is the B-83 , the 1.2 megaton bomb that is the biggest in the U.S. arsenal. The grey area, the air blast radius, would knock down most residential buildings and would likely destroy much of downtown. The thermal radiation would affect those out to Loop 410.

The Russian Topol , which carries an 800 kiloton payload, would knock down most buildings in the downtown area. The thermal radiation from the blast would reach out to 410.

The W-88 Trident D5 warhead, if detonated at 151 and Old Hwy 90, would take out virtually all of the West Side, with thermal radiation reaching up to Balcones Heights and into downtown. This bomb

The W-88 Trident D5 warhead, if detonated at 151 and Old Hwy 90, would take out virtually all of the West Side, with thermal radiation reaching up to Balcones Heights and into downtown. This bomb carries a 455 kiloton payload.

The B-61 , which carries a 340 kiloton payload and is currently in the U.S. arsenal, would destroy much of Camp Bullis with the air blast (grey). The thermal radiation would reach out to Fair Oaks

The B-61 , which carries a 340 kiloton payload and is currently in the U.S. arsenal, would destroy much of Camp Bullis with the air blast (grey). The thermal radiation would reach out to Fair Oaks Ranch and over to Stone Oak (orange).

The W-87 , a 300 kiloton bomb that is currently in the U.S. arsenal, would affect the entire Northeast Side if detonated on Universal City.

Same Stone Oak location but this time a slightly larger weapon. This is the W-80 , a 150-kiloton cruise missile currently in the U.S. arsenal, which has a slightly larger thermal radiation reach

Same Stone Oak location but this time a slightly larger weapon. This is the W-80 , a 150-kiloton cruise missile currently in the U.S. arsenal, which has a slightly larger thermal radiation reach (orange).

This is the W-76 , a 100-kiloton bomb common in U.S. and U.K. arsenals, detonated in the Stone Oak area. The air blast radius (grey) would likely destroy nearly every house in the area and thermal

This is the W-76 , a 100-kiloton bomb common in U.S. and U.K. arsenals, detonated in the Stone Oak area. The air blast radius (grey) would likely destroy nearly every house in the area and thermal radiation (orange) would reach down to 1604 and out past 281.

This photograph released by the Indian Ministry of Defense shows India’s Agni-V missile, with a range of 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles), being launched from Wheeler Island off India's east coast, Thursday, ... more

This photograph released by the Indian Ministry of Defense shows India’s Agni-V missile, with a range of 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles), being launched from Wheeler Island off India's east coast, Thursday, April 19, 2012. India announced the successful test launch Thursday of the new nuclear-capable missile that would give it the capability of striking the major Chinese cities of Beijing and Shanghai for the first time. less

The largest weapon that India has tested, which carries a payload of 60 kilotons, would affect the airport and much of the Uptown area around it. The air blast (grey) would

The largest weapon that India has tested, which carries a payload of 60 kilotons, would affect the airport and much of the Uptown area around it. The air blast (grey) would likely destroy the airport and neighborhoods around it and radiation(orange) would nearly reach Thousand Oaks Drive.

In this photo released by Interservices Public Relations department shows a test launching of Pakistan-made Hatf IV Shaheen-1A missile at undisclosed location in Pakistan on Wednesday, April 25, 2012. Pakistan ... more

In this photo released by Interservices Public Relations department shows a test launching of Pakistan-made Hatf IV Shaheen-1A missile at undisclosed location in Pakistan on Wednesday, April 25, 2012. Pakistan successfully launched an upgraded ballistic missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead Wednesday, days after its neighbor and archenemy India conducted its own missile test, the Pakistani military said. less

The largest Pakistani weapon tested, which carries a payload of 45 kilotons, would likely destroy much of Fort Sam Houston and Terrell Hills with the air blast (grey) and would

The largest Pakistani weapon tested, which carries a payload of 45 kilotons, would likely destroy much of Fort Sam Houston and Terrell Hills with the air blast (grey) and would leave a huge radiation cloud.

Only days before "Little Boy," the U.S. dropped the bomb known as " Fat Man ," which carried a 20 kiloton payload, on Nagasaki, Japan. If that bomb hit Lackland Air Force Base, it would

Only days before "Little Boy," the U.S. dropped the bomb known as " Fat Man ," which carried a 20 kiloton payload, on Nagasaki, Japan. If that bomb hit Lackland Air Force Base, it would likely destroy the entire area with its high pressure air blast radius (red). A lower pressure air blast (grey) would knock down or heavily damage other buildings in the area.

In August 1945, the bomb known as " Little Boy ," which carried a 15 kiloton payload, was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. This bomb detonated on the East Side would likely destroy every home and leave the

In August 1945, the bomb known as " Little Boy ," which carried a 15 kiloton payload, was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. This bomb detonated on the East Side would likely destroy every home and leave the area in a cloud of radiation. The Alamodome would likely sustain heavy damage.

A North Korean weapon tested in 2013 carried a payload of 10 kilotons and would likely be powerful enough to destroy much of the Pearsall Park area, enveloping neighborhoods in radiation.

FILE - In this April 5, 2009 image made from KRT video, a rocket is lifted off from its launch pad in Musudan-ri, North Korea.

A North Korean weapon tested in 2009 carried a payload of 6 kilotons and would likely destroy all the homes in the South Side Lions Parks area (grey). The entire area around Pecan Valley

A North Korean weapon tested in 2009 carried a payload of 6 kilotons and would likely destroy all the homes in the South Side Lions Parks area (grey). The entire area around Pecan Valley Drive from 87 to Southcross Blvd would be enveloped in radiation (green, orange).

In 2006 North Korea tested a 500-ton weapon that could decimate the Brackenridge Park area with the air blast alone (grey), and even more people would be affected by radiation (green, orange).

This is what the " Davy Crockett ," the tiniest U.S. bomb produced, would look like dropped on the Tower of the Americas. The bomb's payload is 20 tons, which sounds big but is only a small

This is what the " Davy Crockett ," the tiniest U.S. bomb produced, would look like dropped on the Tower of the Americas. The bomb's payload is 20 tons, which sounds big but is only a small fraction the power of the biggest bomb on this list. The green circle represents the area affected by radiation.

Click through to see the simulated destructive power of this bomb and more around San Antonio.

Plutonium, radioactive cesium and several radiation detectors were stolen from a rental car parked in this lot outside of a San Antonio hotel. Idaho National Laboratory employees described the lot to Energy

Plutonium, radioactive cesium and several radiation detectors were stolen from a rental car parked in this lot outside of a San Antonio hotel. Idaho National Laboratory employees described the lot to Energy Department overseers as a site with “adequate security,” but San Antonio police said they responded to 87 thefts there in 2016 and 2017 alone.

Two security experts from the Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory drove to San Antonio, Texas, in March 2017 with a sensitive mission: to retrieve dangerous nuclear materials from a nonprofit research lab there.

Their task, according to documents and interviews, was to ensure that the radioactive materials did not fall into the wrong hands on the way back to Idaho, where the government maintains a stockpile of nuclear explosive materials for the military and others.

To ensure they got the right items, the specialists from Idaho brought radiation detectors and small samples of dangerous materials to calibrate them: specifically, a plastic-covered disk of plutonium, a material that can be used to fuel nuclear weapons, and another of cesium, a highly radioactive isotope that could potentially be used in a so-called "dirty" radioactive bomb.

But when they stopped at a Marriott hotel just off Highway 410, in a high-crime neighborhood filled with temp agencies and ranch homes, they left those sensors on the back seat of their rented Ford Expedition. When they awoke the next morning, the window had been smashed and the special valises holding these sensors and nuclear materials had vanished.

Related: Despite mysterious cockpit problems and 'unexplained physiological episodes,' Air Force flights continue, according to an Express-News report

More than a year later, state and federal officials don't know where the plutonium – one of the most valuable and dangerous substances on earth – is. Nor has the cesium been recovered.

No public announcement of the March 21 incident has been made by either the San Antonio police or by the FBI, which the police consulted by telephone. When asked, officials at the lab and in San Antonio declined to say exactly how much plutonium and cesium were missing. But Idaho lab spokeswoman Sarah Neumann said the plutonium in particular wasn't enough to be fashioned into a nuclear bomb.

It is nonetheless now part of a much larger amount of plutonium that over the years has gone quietly missing from stockpiles owned by the U.S. military, often without any public notice.

Unlike civilian stocks, which are closely monitored by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and openly regulated – with reports of thefts or disappearances sent to an international agency in Vienna — the handling of military stocks tended by the Department of Energy is much less transparent.

The Energy Department, which declined comment for this story, doesn't talk about instances of lost and stolen nuclear material produced for the military. It also has been less willing than the commission to punish its contractors when they lose track of such material, several incidents suggest.

That nontransparent approach doesn't match the government's rhetoric.

Protecting bomb-usable materials, like the plutonium that went missing in San Antonio, "is an overriding national priority," President Obama's press office said in a fact sheet distributed during the fourth and final Nuclear Security Summit that he hosted in late March 2016, a Washington event attended by more than 50 heads of state.

The administration also touted the strength of its tracking of such materials, which it said would "ensure timely detection and investigation of anomalies, and deter insider theft/diversion." It further boasted about its transparency, explaining that it "has published studies and reviews of nuclear security incidents, including lessons learned and corrective actions taken."

Adrift: The government didn't heed warnings about the dangers of hot air balloons, an Express-News investigation reveals. Tragedy followed.

President Donald Trump, speaking to a military audience at Fort Myer in Arlington, Virginia, on Aug. 21, 2017, parroted the Obama administration's refrain that "we must prevent nuclear weapons and materials from coming into the hands of terrorists and being used against us, or anywhere in the world for that matter."

The Trump administration's Nuclear Posture Review, released in February, similarly emphasized the threat posed by nuclear terrorism, and asserted that "preventing the illicit acquisition of a nuclear weapon, nuclear materials, or related technology and expertise by a violent extremist organization is a significant U.S. national security priority."

But America's record of safeguarding such materials isn't sterling. Gaps between the amount of plutonium that nuclear weapons companies have produced and the amount that the government can actually locate occur frequently enough for officials to have created an acronym for it – MUF, meaning "material unaccounted for."

The gaps have shown up at multiple nodes in the production and deployment cycle for nuclear arms: at factories where plutonium and highly-enriched uranium have been made, at storage sites where the materials are held in reserve, at research centers where the materials are loaned for study, at waste sites where they are disposed, and during transit between many of these facilities.

Production of the bomb materials was so frantic during the Cold War that a total of roughly six tons of the material – enough to fuel hundreds of nuclear explosives – has been declared as MUF by the government, with most of it presumed to have been trapped in factory pipes, filters, and machines, or improperly logged in paperwork. (That figure, which dates from 2012, has not been publicly updated.)

Regarding transfers to academic researchers, government agencies, or commercial firms within the United States, the Energy Department's inspector general concluded in 2009 –the most recent public accounting – that at least a pound of plutonium and 45 pounds of highly-enriched uranium loaned from military stocks had been officially listed until 2004 as securely stored, when in fact it was missing.

As little as nine pounds of highly-enriched uranium (the weight of an average cat) or 7 pounds of plutonium (the weight of a brick) can produce a functioning nuclear warhead, according to Hans Kristensen, director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists. So the missing amount in this category alone — the MUF stemming from loans to researchers from military stocks -- is still enough to produce at least five nuclear bombs comparable to those that obliterated Hiroshima and Nagasaki, experts say. Plutonium in any quantity is also highly carcinogenic.

"Considering the potential health risks associated with these materials and the potential for misuse should they fall into the wrong hands, the quantities written off were significant," the inspector general's report stated. It also said the Energy Department still "may be unable to detect lost or stolen material."

No independent probe of the department's capabilities has been conducted since then. When asked repeatedly whether the GAO conclusions were still valid, a spokesman for the department did not respond.

The details of how or why U.S. nuclear materials go missing from military stocks – or the quantity of such materials involved in individual incidents -- are not disclosed by the government. But the Nuclear Regulatory Commission annually publishes a tally of lost, missing or stolen radioactive material from civilian nuclear stocks (those typically used for oil and gas exploration, medical purposes, academic research and nuclear power).

In a Jan. 2018 report, for example, the NRC stated during the previous year, eight such items had gone missing and two had not been recovered. None were of the type or quantity useable in a nuclear weapon. Whenever additional material goes missing, the NRC discloses it publicly.

Ensuring appropriate protections are in place for military-related nuclear materials has ironically proven a lot harder than implementing tight security for civilian nuclear materials, said Miles Pomper, a senior research associate at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies in Monterey, California, who participated in the NTI study. "Politically and diplomatically, it's a lot more difficult," Pomper said. "We're not having significant conversations on this issue."

In the San Antonio incident, the San Antonio police were dumbfounded that the experts from Idaho did not take more precautions. They "should have never left a sensitive instrument like this unattended in a vehicle," said Carlos Ortiz, spokesman for the San Antonio Police Department.

'Nothing short of catastrophic': What officials didn't tell the public about toxic disasters post-Harvey

The personnel from Idaho National Laboratory whose gear was stolen were part of the Off-Site Radioactive Source Recovery Program based at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, with an annual budget of about $17 million. Overseen by the National Nuclear Security Administration, the program has scooped up more than 38,000 bits of radioactive material loaned to research centers, hospitals and academic institutions since 1999 – averaging 70 such missions a year. No state has returned more borrowed nuclear materials than Texas, where the recovery program has collected 8,566 items.

Details of the incident were pieced together by the Center for Public Integrity from a police report obtained under a Freedom of Information Act request after a brief description of the incident appeared in an internal Energy Department report.

Photo: Nuclear Regulatory Commission / Department Of Energy The image on the left deptics plutonium samples, comparable in size...

While the Idaho National Laboratory depicted the site of the theft – a Marriott hotel parking lot -- in a report to the Energy Department as a secure spot with high walls on two sides, a clear line of sight to the hotel's front door, and patrolling guards, San Antonio police statistics show that theft was just one of 87 at the Marriott hotel or its parking lot in 2016 and 2017.

Ortiz said the department called an FBI liaison to a joint terrorism taskforce, who advised them to take as many fingerprints in the car as possible. But detectives found no useable prints, no worthwhile surveillance video of the crime, and no witnesses. A check of local pawn shops – to see if someone had tried to sell the sensors – turned up nothing.

One of the Idaho National Laboratory specialists told them, Ortiz said, "that it wasn't an important or dangerous amount" of plutonium. So they closed the investigation to avoid "chasing a ghost," Ortiz said.

Idaho National Laboratory spokeswoman Sarah Neumann responded that "from INL's perspective, the theft was taken seriously" and properly reported to the police and the Energy Department. But she declined to say if those involved faced any internal consequences. "There is little or no danger from these sources being in the public domain," she said.

Lab documents state that a month after the incident, one of the specialists charged with safeguarding the equipment in San Antonio was given a "Vision Award" by her colleagues. "Their achievements, and those of their colleagues at the laboratory, are the reasons our fellow citizens look to INL to resolve the nation's big energy and security challenges," Mark Peters, the lab director, said in an April 21, 2017, news release.

RELATED: San Antonio's Southwest Research Institute signs nuclear contracts worth $57 million

At the end of the fiscal year 2017, the Energy Department awarded the lab contractor that employed the guards assigned to pick up the nuclear material, Battelle Energy Alliance LLC, an "A" grade and described their overall performance as "excellent." It further awarded them 97 percent of their available bonuses, providing $15.5 million in profit, and in December 2017 the Department of Energy announced a five-year extension of Battelle's contract to operate Idaho National Laboratory, giving the contractor the job until at least 2024.

The NRC, in contrast, has imposed six financial penalties on civilian institutions that lost or mishandled nuclear materials in the past year and a half alone (it has imposed and then waived penalties on another 20 institutions during this period). The largest penalty imposed was $22,500 against Qal-Tek Associates, a radiation detector manufacturer in Idaho Falls, for failing to "contain" radioactive materials during their transport, according to a published notice of the fine.

The most recent NRC fine was imposed this May against Idaho State University for its inability to find a quarter-sized piece of plutonium in a radiation meter that it had borrowed from Idaho National Laboratory in 1991. An Idaho State University employee conducting an inventory of such materials last October expected to find 14 of the Plutonium-239 pieces, each weighing less than four-hundredths of an ounce, but found just 13. The inspector reported this discrepancy to the university's radiation safety officer, who in turn reported it to the NRC.

The NRC imposed fines totaling $8,500 for the college's mishandling of the plutonium, and the years-long delay in reporting it missing. Idaho State University paid the fines June 6, according to Cornelis Van der Schyf, the university's vice president for research and dean of the graduate school. The missing plutonium's whereabouts remain unknown.

The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, investigative newsroom. More of its national security coverage can be found here.