The Daily Populous Saturday October 19th, 2024 day edition
Authored by news.stanford.edu and submitted by rustyseapants

Philip G. Zimbardo, one of the world’s most renowned psychologists, died Oct. 14 in his home in San Francisco. He was 91.

Broadly, Zimbardo’s research explored how environments influence behavior. He is most known for his controversial 1971 study, the Stanford Prison Experiment, with W. Curtis Banks, Craig Haney, and David Jaffe. The study, intended to examine the psychological experiences of imprisonment, revealed the shocking extent to which circumstances can alter individual behavior. To this day, it is used as a case study in psychology classes to highlight both the psychology of evil as well as the ethics of doing psychological research with human subjects.

Yet Zimbardo’s research went far beyond the prison experiment. In a career that spanned over five decades, Zimbardo examined topics including persuasion, attitude change, cognitive dissonance, hypnosis, cults, alienation, shyness, time perspective, altruism, and compassion.

“Phil Zimbardo is one of the most prolific and influential psychologists of his generation – a true pioneer of the field of social psychology,” said Claude Steele, the Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences, Emeritus, and professor of psychology. “Virtually all of Phil’s research shows how important phenomena of real-life human behavior can be studied scientifically. For a young science like social psychology, this has been an especially important contribution.”

Zimbardo first received national attention for his 1969 study that examined the causes of vandalism. He believed that anonymity and a lack of community could lead to antisocial behavior.

Zimbardo then examined the influence of the situation on human behavior in his now-notorious Stanford Prison Experiment. While he wanted to know more about the dynamics of prison life, Zimbardo was particularly interested in the influence of social roles on human behavior.

“Most people go about their daily life assuming that they have more control over their behavior than they actually do,” said Zimbardo in a 1971 Stanford News Service press release written at the onset of the experiment. He went on: “We are often unaware of the tremendous power which social situations exert upon us to shape, guide, and manipulate our behavior.”

In the study, Zimbardo and a team of Stanford graduate students created a mock prison in the basement of the Department of Psychology building. Some two dozen participants – young, healthy college-aged men – were recruited to spend two weeks in the prison as either prisoners or guards. (Roles were decided by a coin toss.)

Zimbardo was the prison superintendent – a role he was criticized for assuming because he was no longer a neutral observer but an active participant in the study.

As the experiment progressed, conditions rapidly deteriorated, and the line between role-playing and reality collapsed. The outcome, as Zimbardo later acknowledged, was “shocking and unexpected” and “out-of-control.” Some guards became tyrannical and abusive in their behavior toward prisoners. For the prisoners, the experience led to acute anxiety, emotional depression, crying, and rage.

The experiment, intended to last two full weeks, was shut down after six days due to the psychological abuses that transpired.

Philip Zimbardo in 1994 | L.A. Cicero

Zimbardo saw aspects of prison behavior mirrored in other areas of life, from schools to marriages to even emotions like shyness, which he studied after the Stanford Prison Experiment.

In an article he co-authored in 1975, Zimbardo described how “shyness becomes a form of imprisonment, in which the person plays both the role of guard who constantly enforces restrictive rules and the role of prisoner who sheepishly follows them (and is thus not respected by the guard).”

He founded the Stanford Shyness Clinic and wrote prolifically on the topic, and in 1977 he authored Shyness: What It Is, What To Do About It. That same year, Newsweek described Zimbardo’s research into this topic as “pioneering,” and two decades later, he was credited with launching a whole new area of psychological study.

Zimbardo was also considered one of the leading experts on the bystander effect – the theory that in the presence of others, individuals are less likely to step in and help someone in need. Much like the Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo attributed behavior to situational and systemic forces.

Zimbardo’s pursuit of understanding how external forces shape human behavior led him to also explore mind control and the appeal of cults, including the Peoples Temple and its leader Jim Jones, who orchestrated what is now known as the Jonestown Massacre.

While curious about how situations can draw out the worst in people, Zimbardo also wondered about how they can bring out the best. He believed that inside everyone there exists an “ordinary hero.” In a 2006 news article Zimbardo co-authored with Zeno Franco, he asked: “Is it also possible that heroic acts are something that anyone can perform, given the right mindset and conditions?”

The question inspired Zimbardo to establish the Heroic Imagination Project, a nonprofit organization that seeks to prepare people for a moment to help others in a time of need.

Philip George Zimbardo was born March 23, 1933, in New York City.

He grew up in poverty in the Bronx – an upbringing he said influenced his outlook. He was the eldest of four children.

In high school, he established a lifelong friendship with fellow classmate Stanley Milgram, who also went on to become a well-known psychologist.

Zimbardo attended Brooklyn College and went on to do his graduate work in psychology at Yale University where he earned a master’s degree in experimental psychology in 1955 and a doctorate in social psychology in 1959.

Zimbardo joined the Stanford faculty in 1968 after having taught at New York University and Columbia University. He was known for his inspiring teaching and mentorship.

“Phil was a highly decorated teacher,” said Mark Lepper, the Andrew Ray Lang Professor of Psychology, Emeritus, and former chair of the Department of Psychology. “In quarters when he taught Introduction to Psychology, lines formed around the Main Quad with students wanting to take his course.”

Another colleague, Ewart Thomas, professor emeritus of psychology and former dean of the School of Humanities and Sciences, noted that Zimbardo was “famous for inspiring many of his students to pursue research and teaching careers in which they, like their mentor, were recognized for their distinguished teaching.”

In 2002, he was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and in 2012, the association awarded him its Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of Psychology. Among his many awards are the 2006 Havel Foundation Prize for his lifetime of research on the human condition and the 2015 Kurt Lewin Award for his contributions to the social sciences.

Zimbardo retired in 2003. The Stanford Alumni Association named Zimbardo the 2007 recipient of the Richard W. Lyman Award for exceptional volunteer service to the university.

Zimbardo is survived by his wife of 52 years, Christina Maslach Zimbardo; his son Adam (C. Jezzie, Jessi) from his first marriage to the late Rose Zimbardo and daughters Zara (Patrick Reinsborough) and Tanya (Michael Doyle); and four grandchildren he adored: Clay Doyle, Philip and Victoria Zimbardo, and Taylor Epstein-Bliss.

Random_n1nja on October 19th, 2024 at 02:27 UTC »

I met him briefly when I was in grad school. He was creepy as hell and literally looked like the devil. He also had a terrible reputation and almost every professor I knew had some story about how he screwed somebody over, stole credit for their research, or creeped on students. He was a shameless self-promoter if nothing else.

The prison experiment was just the tip of the iceberg

SomeFreeTime on October 19th, 2024 at 01:21 UTC »

I've seen too many psychology professors online and in person talk about how he was a massive asshole.

dominic_l on October 19th, 2024 at 00:47 UTC »

Overview

Conducted by: Philip Zimbardo and his team at Stanford University.

Duration: Originally planned for two weeks but terminated after six days due to ethical concerns and extreme participant distress.

Participants: 24 college students were selected from over 70 applicants, randomly assigned to roles as either guards or prisoners. They were paid $15 per day for their participation.

Methodology

Setup: The experiment took place in a mock prison located in the basement of Stanford's Jordan Hall. Participants assigned as prisoners were "arrested" by local police at their homes without prior notice and subjected to booking procedures, including fingerprinting and strip searches.

Roles: Guards were given uniforms, mirrored sunglasses to prevent eye contact, and instructed not to physically harm prisoners. They were encouraged to maintain order through psychological means.

Key Events

Initial Rebellion: On the second day, prisoners staged a rebellion against the guards, leading to harsh retaliatory measures from the guards, including psychological manipulation and physical intimidation.

Escalation of Abuse: Over the course of just a few days, some guards exhibited sadistic behavior while prisoners showed signs of severe stress and emotional breakdowns. Three prisoners had to be released early due to psychological trauma.

Ethical Concerns

The SPE has faced significant criticism regarding its ethical implications:

Informed Consent: Participants were not fully informed about the nature of their involvement, particularly regarding the surprise arrests, which violated ethical standards.

Role of Zimbardo: Zimbardo himself became too involved in the experiment, acting more like a prison superintendent than an objective researcher. This raised questions about his influence on participants' behavior