Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction

Authored by cambridge.org and submitted by smurfyjenkins

Acemoglu , Daron , Naidu , Suresh , Restrepo , Pascual , and Robinson , James . 2015 . “ Democracy, Redistribution and Inequality. ” In Atkinson , Anthony and Bourguignon , Francois , eds., Handbook of Income Distribution , vol. 2B. Amsterdam, Holland : Elsevier .

Acemoglu , Daron , and Robinson , James . 2006 . Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy . New York, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press .

Acemoglu , Daron , and Robinson , James . 2008 . “ Persistence of Power, Elites, and Institutions. ” American Economic Review 98 , no. 1 : 267 –93. doi: 10.1257/aer.98.1.267 .

Acharya , Avidid , Blackwell , Matthew , and Sen , Maya . 2016 . “ The Political Legacy of American Slavery. ” Journal of Politics 78, no . 3 : 621 –41. doi: 10.1086/686631 .

Aidt , Toke S. , and Peter , S. Jensen . 2009 . “ Tax Structure, Size of Government, and the Extension of the Voting Franchise in Western Europe, 1860–1938. ” International Tax and Public Finance 16 , no. 3 : 362 –94. doi: 10.1007/s10797-008-9069-9 .

Albertus , Michael , and Menaldo , Victor . 2014 . “ Gaming Democracy: Elite Dominance during Transition and the Prospects for Redistribution. ” British Journal of Political Science 44 , no. 3 : 575 – 603 . doi: 10.1017/S0007123413000124 .

Ansell , Ben W. , and David , J. Samuels . 2014 . Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach . New York, N.Y. : Cambridge University Press .

Berman , Eli , Shapiro , Jacob , and Felter , Joseph . 2011 . “ Can Hearts and Minds be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in Iraq. ” Journal of Political Economy 119 , no. 4 : 766 – 819 . doi: 10.1086/661983 .

Bertocchi , Graziella , and Dimico , Arcangelo . 2017 . “ De Jure and De Facto Determinants of Power: Evidence from Mississippi. ” Constitutional Political Economy 28 , no. 4 , 321 –45. doi: 10.1007/s10602-017-9239-9 .

Boix , Carles . 2003 . Democracy and Redistribution . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .

Bonica , Adam , McCarty , Nolan , Keith , T. Poole , and Rosenthal , Howard . 2013 . “ Why Hasn’t Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality? ” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27 , no. 3 : 103 –23. doi: 10.1257/jep.27.3.103 .

Bradley , Mark L. 2015 . The Army and Reconstruction, 1865–1877 . Washington, D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army.

Cascio , Elizabeth U. , and Washington , Ebonya . 2013 . “ Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and State Funds Following the Voting Rights Act of 1965. ” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 , no. 1 : 379 – 433 . doi: 10.1093/qje/qjt028 .

Chacón , Mario L. , and Jeffrey , L. Jensen . 2019 a. “ Replication data for: Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction. ” Harvard Dataverse, V1 . doi: 10.7910/DVN/ULXRHT .

Chacón , Mario L. , and Jeffrey , L. Jensen . 2019 b. “Supplementary material for: Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction.” doi: 10.1017/S0043887119000157.

Chalmers , David M. 1987 . Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan . Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press .

Christensen , Darin , Nguyen , Mai , and Sexton , Renard . 2019 . “ Strategic Violence during Democratization: Evidence from Myanmar. ” World Politics 71, no . 2 ( April ), 332 –66. doi: 10.1017/S0043887118000308 .

Clubb , Jerome M. , William , H. Flanigan , and Nancy , H. Zingale . 2006 . Electoral Data for Counties in the United States: Presidential and Congressional Races, 1840–1972. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. doi: 10.3886/ICPSR08611.v1.

Current , Richard Nelson. 1988 . Those Terrible Carpetbaggers . Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .

Department of the Interior Census Office . 1895 . Report of Wealth, Debt, and Taxation at the Eleventh Census: 1890. Part II. Valuation and Taxation . Washington, D.C. : United States Government Printing Office .

Downs , Gregory P. 2015 . After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War . Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .

Downs , Gregory P. , and Nesbit , Scott . 2015 . Mapping Occupation: Force, Freedom, and the Army in Reconstruction. At , and. Mapping Occupation: Force, Freedom, and the Army in Reconstruction. At http://mappingoccupation.org , accessed January 2017.

Dubin , Michael J. 2007 . Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796–2006 . Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Company .

Dubin , Michael J. 2010 . United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861–1911: The Official Results by State and County . Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Company .

Dupont , Brandon , and Joshua , L. Rosenbloom . 2018 . “ The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite. ” Explorations in Economic History 68, April: 119–31 . doi: 10.1016/j.eeh.2017.09.002 .

Edelstein , David M. 2004 . “ Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. ” International Security 29 , no. 1 : 49 – 91 . At . “, no.. At www.jstor.org/stable/4137547

Fitzgerald , Michael W. 2007 . Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South . Chicago , Ill.: Ivan R. Dee .

Fleming , Walter L. 1905 . Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama . New York, N.Y. : Columbia University Press .

Foner , Eric . 1993 . Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction . New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press .

Foner , Eric . 2011 . Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 . New York, N.Y. : Harper Collins .

Hagen , Ryan , Makovi , Kinga , and Bearman , Peter . 2013 . “ The Influence of Political Dynamics on Southern Lynch Mob Formation and Lethality. ” Social Forces 92 , no. 2 : 757 –87. doi: 10.1093/sf/sot093 .

Hollander , Jacob . 1900 . Studies in State Taxation, with Particular Reference to the Southern States (1900) . Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins Press .

Hume , Richard L. , and Jerry , B. Gough . 2008 . Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, La. : Louisiana State University Press .

Husted , Thomas A. , and Lawrence , W. Kenny . 1997 . “ The Effect of the Expansion of the Voting Franchise on the Size of Government. ” Journal of Political Economy 105 , no. 1 : 54 – 82 . At , and. “, no.. At www.jstor.org/stable/2138871

Key , V. O. 1984 . Southern Politics in State and Nation . Knoxville, Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press.

Lindert , Peter H. 2004 . Growing Public: Volume 1, The Story: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century . Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .

Logan , Trevon D. 2018 . “Do Black Politicians Matter?” NBER Working Paper no. 24190. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. At . “Do Black Politicians Matter?” NBER Working Paper no. 24190. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. At https://www.nber.org/papers/w24190 , accessed February 12, 2019.

Lott , John R. Jr. , and Lawrence , W. Kenny . 1999 . “ Did Women’s Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government? ” Journal of Political Economy 107 , no. 6 , 1163 –98. doi: 10.1086/250093 .

Mares , Isabela , and Queralt , Didac . 2015 . “ The Non-Democratic Origins of Income Taxation. ” Comparative Political Studies 48 , no. 14 : 1974 – 2009 . doi: 10.1177/0010414015592646 .

Martinez-Bravo , Monica . 2014 . “ The Role of Local Officials in New Democracies: Evidence from Indonesia. ” American Economic Review 104 , no. 4 : 1244 –87. doi: 10.1257/aer.104.4.1244 .

Martinez-Bravo , Monica , Mukherjee , Priya , and Stegmann , Andreas . 2017 . “ The Non-Democratic Roots of Elite Capture: Evidence from Soeharto Mayors in Indonesia. ” Econometrica 85 , no. 6 : 1991 – 2010 . doi: 10.3982/ECTA14125 .

Meltzer , Allen H. , and Scott , F. Richard . 1981 . “ A Rational Theory of the Size of Government. ” Journal of Political Economy 89 , no. 5 : 914 –27. At , and. “, no.–27. At www.jstor.org/stable/1830813

Naidu , Suresh . 2012 . “Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellum US South.” NBER Working Paper no. 18129. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. At . “Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellum US South.” NBER Working Paper no. 18129. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. At https://www.nber.org/papers/w18129 , accessed February 12, 2019.

Ransom , Roger L. , and Sutch , Richard . 2001 . One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Reed , John . 1972 . “ Percent Black and Lynching: A Test of Blalock’s Theory. ” Social Forces 50 , no. 3 : 356 –60. doi: 10.2307/2577039 .

RJSC . 1872 . Report of the United States Congress Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States . Report no. 41, part 1. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office .

Rogowski , Jon C. 2018 . “Reconstruction and the State: The Political and Economic Consequences of the Freedmen’s Bureau.” At . “Reconstruction and the State: The Political and Economic Consequences of the Freedmen’s Bureau.” At https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/rogowski/files/freedmens_bureau_0.pdf , accessed February 12, 2019.

Scheve , Kenneth , and Stasavage , David . 2010 . “ The Conscription of Wealth: Mass Warfare and the Demand for Progressive Taxation. ” International Organization 64 , no. 4 : 529 –61. doi: 10.1017/S0020818310000226 .

Scheve , Kenneth , and Stasavage , David . 2017 . “ Wealth Inequality and Democracy. ” Annual Review of Political Science 20 , 451 –68. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-061014-101840 .

Sefton , James E. 1980 . The United States Army and Reconstruction, 1865–1877 . Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press .

Seligman , Edwin R. A. 1969 . Essays in Taxation , 10th rev. ed. New York, N.Y. : Augustus M. Kelley .

Stewart , Megan , and Kitchens , Karin . 2018 . “Social Transformation and Violence: Evidence from US Reconstruction.” Manuscript. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3223825.

Tolnay , Stewart , and Beck , E. M. . 1995 . A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930. Champaign, Ill : University of Illinois Press .

United States War Department . 1868 . Annual Report of the Secretary of War , vol. I. Washington, D.C. : United States Government Printing Office .

United States War Department . 1870 . Annual Report of the Secretary of War. Washington, D.C : United States Government Printing Office .

Wallis , John . 2000 . “ American Government Finance in the Long Run: 1790 to 1990. ” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 , no. 1 : 61 – 82 . doi: 0.1257/jep.14.1.61 .

Walton , Hanes Jr. , Sherman , C. Puckett , and Donald , R. Jr , Deskins . 2012 . The African-American Electorate: A Statistical History . Thousand Oaks, Calif. : CQ Press .

adeiner on November 15th, 2019 at 23:29 UTC »

High schools should teach everyone about Hayes just to reinforce how awful he was to American race relations.

RedAsFolk on November 15th, 2019 at 19:50 UTC »

WEB Dubois' Black Reconstruction in America is an absolute must read for anyone interested in American history and our modern social relations.

jasonthebald on November 15th, 2019 at 19:35 UTC »

Then in 1876, the union sold out reconstruction for the presidency.

Selling out for the presidency and not focusing on local elections has allowed similar things to happen--voter disenfranchisement, suppression, rise of white supremacists, and the shift of money back to a small elite.

Edit: off on year